Enfermedad venosa crónica: evaluaciones clínicas y Doppler en su pronóstico / Chronic venous disease: clinical and Doppler assessments in its prognostic

Introducción: la falta de medidas preventivas y tempranas en el manejo de la enfermedad venosa crónica (EVC) ha sobrecargado el sistema nacional de salud pública. Objetivos: desarrollar un modelo matemático de reconocimiento de patrones que relacione la insuficiencia de la unión safenofemoral (USF) con la clínica de EVC y trazar el perfil sociodemográfico de los pacientes. Métodos: se realizó una investigación cuantitativa, inductiva y descriptiva. Se hicieron preguntas objetivas a los participantes. El grupo de pacientes diagnosticados de EVC (91) se clasificaron en 2 grupos: grupo 0, enfermedad leve (CEAP, C2 y C3), y grupo 1, enfermedad grave (CEAP, C4, C5 y C6). Se realizó una ecografía vascular con Doppler en los miembros inferiores (MI). A partir de 16 variables predictoras sociodemográficoas, clínicas y de imagen, entre ellas el tiempo de reflujo, la velocidad pico sistólica en reflujo y el volumen de reflujo, se buscó un modelo a través de dos métodos de reconocimiento y clasificación de patrones: regresión logística y análisis discriminativo con puntaje cuadrático. El perfil de los participantes se analizó por frecuencia relativa y absoluta. Resultados: como perfil encontramos una paciente femenina, multípara, de casi 50 años, con un índice de masa corporal elevado, baja renta y enfermedad avanzada (C4, C5 y C6). En cuanto a la relación matemática de las variables, los modelos arrojaron resultados satisfactorios, con una clasificación promedio de más del 80 % de aciertos, con un 87,06 % de predicciones para enfermedad leve (G0) y un 71,88 % de aciertos para enfermedad grave (G1). Conclusión: se estableció un modelo matemático de reconocimiento de patrones en la relación del grado de reflujo de la USF con la clínica de la EVC capaz de predecir la progresión de la EVC con buena precisión. (AU)

Introduction: the lack of early preventive measures in the management of Chronic Venous Disease (CVD) hasburdened Brazilian public health.Objectives: to develop a mathematical pattern recognition model in the relationship between saphenofemoraljunction (SFJ) insufficiency and the clinical picture of CVD, and to outline patients’ sociodemographic profile.Methods: a quantitative, inductive and descriptive research was carried out, in which participants were askedobjective questions. The CVD of 91 patients was clinically classified into group 0: mild disease (CEAP C2 and C 3 ),and group 1: severe disease (CEAP C4, C5 and C6). All limbs underwent Doppler ultrasonography. A model for theevolution of CVD was developed based on 16 sociodemographic, clinical and imaging predictor variables, includingreflux time, peak reflux velocity and venous reflux volume. Two methods of pattern recognition and classificationwere used: logistic regression and discriminant analysis with quadratic score. The participants’ profile was analyzedby relative and absolute frequency.Results: the outlined profile was that of a female patient, multiparous, aged around 50 years, with high body massindex, low income and advanced disease (C 4,5,6 ). Concerning the mathematical relationship of the variables, allthe models presented satisfactory results, with average hit rates higher than 80 %: 87.06 % for prediction of milddisease (G0) and 71.88 % for severe disease (G1).Conclusion: a mathematical model for pattern recognition was established in the relationship between degreeof reflux in the SFJ and the clinical picture of CVD. The model predicts CVD progression with a good accuracy.(AU)

Could Entrustable Professional Activities mediate community-based teaching in care integration services? / ¿Podrían las actividades profesionales confiables mediar servicios de integración docente asistencial en la comunidad?

Abstract Competency-based medical education (CBME) is currently the most common type of curriculum used worldwide. However, its limitations include fragmented learning and difficulties to use properly the knowledge, skills, and attitudes acquired using this educational model. Having this in mind, Entrustable Professional Activities (EPA) emerge as a tool to mediate the transfer of the competency-based curriculum into physicians' professional practice in graduate medical education. Therefore, based on a narrative review of the existing literature on EPA and the authors' experience in teaching community-based health care integration services, the aim of this paper is to reflect on the possible use of these activities in undergraduate medical education for the development of a CBME model integrated with primary health care and community medicine. The reflections presented here allow suggesting that, although it is a challenging process, incorporating EPA into undergraduate medical education is appropriate to improve the provision of primary health care to individuals, families, and communities in general.

Resumen En la actualidad, la educación médica basada en competencias (EMBC) es el diseño curricular más utilizado en el mundo. Sin embargo, sus limitaciones incluyen la construcción fragmentada del aprendizaje y dificultades para lograr el uso adecuado de los conocimientos, habilidades y actitudes adquiridos mediante este modelo pedagógico. Considerando lo anterior, las actividades profesionales confiables (APROC) emergen como una herramienta para mediar la transposición del currículo basado en competencias a la práctica profesional en educación médica de posgrado. Por lo tanto, con base en una revisión narrativa de la literatura existente sobre APROC y la experiencia docente de los autores en la integración de la educación y los servicios de salud basados en la comunidad, el propósito de este estudio es reflexionar sobre el posible uso de estas actividades en la formación médica de pregrado para el desarrollo de un modelo de EMBC integrado con la atención primaria de salud y la medicina comunitaria. Las reflexiones presentadas aquí permiten sugerir que, aunque se trate de un proceso desafiante, la adopción de las APROC en la formación de pregrado en medicina es apropiada para lograr una mejor prestación de atención primaria en salud a personas, familias y comunidades en general.

Extracorporeal immune therapy with immobilized agonistic anti-Fas antibodies leads to transient reduction of circulating neutrophil numbers and limits tissue damage after hemorrhagic shock/resuscitation in a porcine model.

BACKGROUND: Hemorrhagic shock/resuscitation is associated with aberrant neutrophil activation and organ failure. This experimental porcine study was done to evaluate the effects of Fas-directed extracorporeal immune therapy with a leukocyte inhibition module (LIM) on hemodynamics, neutrophil tissue infiltration, and tissue damage after hemorrhagic shock/resuscitation. METHODS: In a prospective controlled double-armed animal trial 24 Munich Mini Pigs (30.3 +/- 3.3 kg) were rapidly haemorrhaged to reach a mean arterial pressure (MAP) of 35 +/- 5 mmHg, maintained hypotensive for 45 minutes, and then were resuscitated with Ringer' solution to baseline MAP. With beginning of resuscitation 12 pigs underwent extracorporeal immune therapy for 3 hours (LIM group) and 12 pigs were resuscitated according to standard medical care (SMC). Haemodynamics, haematologic, metabolic, and organ specific damage parameters were monitored. Neutrophil infiltration was analyzed histologically after 48 and 72 hours. Lipid peroxidation and apoptosis were specifically determined in lung, bowel, and liver. RESULTS: In the LIM group, neutrophil counts were reduced versus SMC during extracorporeal immune therapy. After 72 hours, the haemodynamic parameters MAP and cardiac output (CO) were significantly better in the LIM group. Histological analyses showed reduction of shock-related neutrophil tissue infiltration in the LIM group, especially in the lungs. Lower amounts of apoptotic cells and lipid peroxidation were found in organs after LIM treatment. CONCLUSIONS: Transient Fas-directed extracorporeal immune therapy may protect from posthemorrhagic neutrophil tissue infiltration and tissue damage.

Inhibition of neutrophil activity improves cardiac function after cardiopulmonary bypass.

BACKGROUND: The arterial in line application of the leukocyte inhibition module (LIM) in the cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) limits overshooting leukocyte activity during cardiac surgery. We studied in a porcine model whether LIM may have beneficial effects on cardiac function after CPB. METHODS: German landrace pigs underwent CPB (60 min myocardial ischemia; 30 min reperfusion) without (group I; n = 6) or with LIM (group II; n = 6). The cardiac indices (CI) and cardiac function were analyzed pre and post CPB with a Swan-Ganz catheter and the cardiac function analyzer. Neutrophil labeling with technetium, scintigraphy, and histological analyses were done to track activated neutrophils within the organs. RESULTS: LIM prevented CPB-associated increase of neutrophil counts in peripheral blood. In group I, the CI significantly declined post CPB (post: 3.26 +/- 0.31; pre: 4.05 +/- 0.45 l/min/m2; p < 0.01). In group II, the CI was only slightly reduced (post: 3.86 +/- 0.49; pre 4.21 +/- 1.32 l/min/m2; p = 0.23). Post CPB, the intergroup difference showed significantly higher CI values in the LIM group (p < 0.05) which was in conjunction with higher pre-load independent endsystolic pressure volume relationship (ESPVR) values (group I: 1.57 +/- 0.18; group II: 1.93 +/- 0.16; p < 0.001). Moreover, the systemic vascular resistance and pulmonary vascular resistance were lower in the LIM group. LIM appeared to accelerate the sequestration of hyperactivated neutrophils in the spleen and to reduce neutrophil infiltration of heart and lung. CONCLUSION: Our data provides strong evidence that LIM improves perioperative hemodynamics and cardiac function after CPB by limiting neutrophil activity and inducing accelerated sequestration of neutrophils in the spleen.

First efficacy and safety results with the antibody containing leukocyte inhibition module in cardiac surgery patients with neutrophil hyperactivity.

Systemic administration of immune modulating antibodies may play an important role in reducing neutrophil hyperactivity, for example, in patients undergoing cardiac surgery with extracorporeal circulation or in trauma patients. However, this strategy has extremely high costs and is often associated with severe adverse effects. We developed the Leukocyte-Inhibition-Module (LIM), an extracorporeal circulation (ECC) device housing a polyurethane matrix with covalently bound Fas (CD95; APO-1) stimulating antibodies to rapidly prevent neutrophil hyperactivation. A feasibility study with 14 patients undergoing cardiac surgery with the use of immunogenic ECC without (n = 5) and with (n = 9) LIM (venous line) was performed. Our data show that the usually observed ECC associated perioperative increase in neutrophils (control) was prevented by LIM (p = 0.023). Moreover, the increase of the proinflammatory markers tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha and polymorphonuclear elastase was limited by LIM (p = 0.038 and p = 0.002). In both groups, no significant changes in liver enzymes or in clotting were detected after surgery, and up to 12 months follow up, no unusual complications were reported. This study shows for the first time to our knowledge the feasibility, efficacy, and safety of a new cost effective, immune management strategy in patients with aberrant immune activation by exposing the blood stream to immobilized agonistic anti-Fas antibodies.

Açäo do ácido trissódio-cálcio-dietileno-triaminopentaacético (CaNa3DTPA) nas lesões de isquemia-reperfusäo em membro posterior de rato / Action of the CaNa3DTPA on ischemia-reperfusion lesions in the hindlimb of rats

OBJETIVO: Açäo do ácido trissódio-cálcio-dietileno-triaminopentaacético (CaNa3DTPA), quelante de ferro com açäo ainda anti-viral, antiinflamatória e imunológica, na atenuaçäo de lesões de reperfusäo em músculos esqueléticos de ratos. MÉTODOS: 52 ratos Wistar, pesando 188±22g, foram anestesiados e submetidos a semi-amputaçäo de membro posterior direito (MPD), poupando-se o fêmur, artéria e veia femorais. Foram entäo randomizados e distribuídos: G1-CTAN - controle anestesia, sem cirurgia e sem isquemia; G2-CTCIR - controle cirurgia, sem isquemia; G3-IRCT e G3-IRDTPA - com isquemia (4 hora) e reperfusäo ( 2 horas). O G3-IRCT foi tratado, ao final da isquemia, com cloreto de sódio 0,9 por cento e G3-IRDTPA com (CaNa3DTPA).Parâmetros: Circunferência do pé direito e peso do rato, dosagem sérica de CPK, dosagem de malonaldeído e microscopia óptica de músculos soleus bilateral. RESULTADOS: Aumento da circunferência nos G3-IRCT e G3-IRDTPA (significante no G3-IRCT quando comparado ao G1-CTAN); CPK elevado nos G3-IRCT e G3-IRDTPA comparados aos controles; MDA mais alto no membro contralateral do G3-IRDTPA, comparado ao MPD do G3-IRDTPA e ao G1-CTAN; maior edema intersticial em G3-IRCT, maior infiltrado inflamatório em G3-IRDTPA e recuperaçäo dos níveis de glicogênio semelhantes em G3-IRCT e G3-IRDTPA. CONCLUSÃO: Apesar do menor edema no G3-IRDTPA comparado ao G3-IRCT, o CaNa3DTPA näo alterou CPK sérico, MDA muscular e morfologia muscular dos animais.

Lesões de isquemia-reperfusão em músculos esqueléticos: fisiopatologia e novas tendências de tratamento, com ênfase em reperfusão controlada / Ischemia-reperfusion injuries in skeletal muscles: pathophysiology and new therapeutic trends focused on controlled reperfusion

A obstrução arterial aguda (OAA) é a emergência mais comum em cirurgia vascular. Suas principais causas são embolias e tromboses arteriais. Além de a isquemia ser bastnte lesiva, a reperfusão de tecidos isquêmicos pode levar a uma série de complicações que podem aumentar as lesões teciduais e, através de alterações sistêmicas, colocar em risco a vida do paciente. O objetivo deste artigo é revisar a pesquisa em fisiopatologia, destacando contribuições individuais, ensaios terapêuticos e controvérsias, buscando situar o problema até os dias atuais. Por fim, enfatiza-se a técnica de reperfusão controlada na atenuação das lesões de reperfusão em músculos esqueléticos...

Effect of alpha-tocopherol on the ischemia/reperfusion lesions induced in the hindlimb of rats

Recentes estudos demonstraram que os radicais livres de oxigênio parecem desempenhar papel importante nas lesões de isquemia-reperfusão. O alfa-tocoferol(AT) age in vivo como um anti-oxidante. Nosso objetivo foi o de verificar se o AT atenuava as lesões de isquemia-reperfusão em pata direita de ratos. Os animais, randomizados, foram divididos nos seguintes grupos(G): G1-controle sem isquemia; G2 e G3 - quatro horas isquemia e duas reperfusão. Os animais do G2 foram tratados com salina e os do G3 com AT, 50mg/kg. Como parâmetros examinamos as alterações de volume e circunferência do pé direito ao longo do experimento, assim como a captação de 99mTc-pirofosfato e a microscopia eletrônica de transmissão do músculo soleus direito. Os aumentos de volume e circunferência do pé dos animais do G2 foram estatisticamente maiores quando comparados com o G1. As medidas do G3 não diferiram do G1. A captação de 99mTc-pirofosfato foi bem aumentada nos G2 e G3, quando comparados ao G1, porém sem diferenças entre os grupos isquêmicos. As lesões ao MET foram menos intensas em três animais do G3, quando comparados ao G2. Conclusão: O tratamento com AT diminuiu a formação do edema mas só protegeu parcialmente as células musculares contra as lesões de isquemia-reperfusão.

Circulaçäo brônquica: anatomia e aspectos funcionais em condiçöes normais e patológicas / Bronchial circulation: anatomical and fucntional features in normal and pathological condictions

A circulaçäo brônquica transporta sangue sistêmico às vias aéreas, pleuras, linfonodos, nervos e aos vasos pulmonares e a sua resposta em forma de hipertrofia a algumas condiçöes patológicas nos pulmöes indicam que a circulaçäo brônquica tem um papel vital de adaptaçäo. Neste artigo fazemos uma revisäo de anatomia e fisiologia da circulaçäo brônquica, além de enfatizarmos o seu importante papel em alguns processos patológicos pulmonares

Distribuiçäo da soluçäo Euro-Collins em pulmöes de porcos ministrada por diferentes vias de perfusäo rápida: estudo comparativo / Distribution of the Euro-Collins solution in swine lungs, given through different rapid perfusion routes: a comparative study

No transplante pulmonar as complicaçöes brônquicas säo causas importantes de morbidade e mortalidade, contribuindo para tal a qualidade de proteçäo das vias aéreas, durante armazenamento e implantaçäo do enxerto. omo a "flush perfusion" (perfusäo rápida-PR) via artéria pulmonar (AP), com diferentes soluçöes de preservaçäo, seguida de armazenamento hipotérmico do enxerto, é a técnica mais utilizada nos centros de TP, foi nosso objetivo comparar o fluxo de Euro-Collins (EUC) em pulmöes de porcos, enfatizando o efeito sobre as vias aéreas, por diferentes técnicas de PR. Os animais foram divididos em grupos sem PR: controle (n=6) e com PR pelas seguintes vias: AP (n=6); artérias pulmonar e brônquicas, simultaneamente...